Introduction
The magnetic force is the force exerted between magnetic fields and moving charged particles. When a charged particle moves through a magnetic field, it experiences a force perpendicular to both its velocity and the magnetic field. The equation for the magnetic force on a charged particle is given by:
where:
- is the charge of the particle,
- is the velocity of the particle, and
- is the magnetic field.
Magnetic Force on Current-Carrying Wires
For a straight wire carrying a current in a magnetic field , the magnetic force is given by:
where is the vector length of the wire in the direction of the current.
Lorentz Force
The total electromagnetic force experienced by a charged particle is known as the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force is the vector sum of the electric force and the magnetic force. The equation for the Lorentz force is:
Ampère’s Force Law
Ampère’s force law describes the force between two current-carrying conductors. The force per unit length () between two parallel conductors carrying currents and separated by a distance is given by:
Magnetic Materials
Magnetic materials can be broadly classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic materials based on their magnetic properties. The study of these materials and the forces within them is a large part of magnetism and condensed matter physics.
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