12.1 Introduction to X-Ray Production
X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about 0.01 nm to 10 nm. They have numerous applications in medical imaging, material analysis, and security scanning. In this chapter, we will discuss the process of x-ray production, which involves the interaction between high-energy electrons and matter.
12.2 Bremsstrahlung Radiation
Bremsstrahlung, or “braking radiation,” is the primary mechanism responsible for x-ray production. It occurs when a high-energy electron is deflected by the electric field of an atomic nucleus. The electron loses energy in the form of an emitted x-ray photon. The energy of the emitted photon is given by:
where 
and 
are the initial and final kinetic energies of the electron, respectively. The emitted x-ray photons have a continuous spectrum of energies, up to the maximum energy of the incident electrons.
12.3 Characteristic X-Rays
Characteristic x-rays are another source of x-ray radiation. When an electron from an inner shell of an atom is ejected by a high-energy electron, it leaves a vacancy in the shell. An electron from a higher energy shell then transitions to fill the vacancy, releasing energy in the form of an x-ray photon. The energy of the emitted photon is equal to the difference in energy levels between the two shells:
Characteristic x-rays have specific energies that correspond to the difference in energy levels of the atomic shells involved in the transition.
12.4 X-Ray Tubes
X-ray tubes are devices used to produce x-rays in a controlled environment. They consist of a cathode, which emits electrons, and an anode, which serves as a target for the electrons. The high-energy electrons collide with the anode, producing x-rays through both Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. The x-rays then pass through an exit window, where they can be directed and utilized for various applications.
12.5 X-Ray Safety
Due to their high energy and penetrating power, x-rays can pose risks to human health. It is essential to follow safety protocols and use appropriate shielding materials, such as lead, to protect against unnecessary exposure. Operators of x-ray equipment should be trained and adhere to established guidelines to ensure the safe use of x-rays in various applications.
Chapter Summary
In summary, x-ray production involves the interaction of high-energy electrons with matter, resulting in the emission of x-ray photons through processes like Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation. X-ray tubes are the primary devices used for generating x-rays in controlled environments. Understanding the principles and mechanisms of x-ray production is essential for their safe and effective use in numerous applications, including medical imaging and material analysis.
Continue to Chapter 13: Scattered Photons and Compton Scattering
Are you enjoying this content? Read more from our Physics 3 course here!
Do you prefer video lectures over reading a webpage? Follow us on YouTube to stay updated with the latest video content!
Have something to add? Leave a comment!