Author: Tru Physics
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Dielectric Materials
Introduction Dielectric materials, or simply dielectrics, are insulators that can be polarized by an applied electric field. They do not conduct electricity but support electrostatic fields while dissipating minimal energy as heat. Properties Dielectrics are characterized by their dielectric constant, a measure of a material’s ability to store electrical energy in an electric field. The…
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Davisson-Germer Experiment
Introduction The Davisson-Germer experiment, conducted by Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer in 1927, confirmed the wave nature of electrons. The experiment provided key evidence supporting the de Broglie hypothesis, which proposed that particles can exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties. The Experiment Davisson and Germer aimed an electron beam at a crystalline nickel target and…
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Current Density
Introduction Current density is a measure of the amount of electric current that flows through a particular cross-sectional area of a material per unit time. It is a fundamental concept in electromagnetism and is particularly important in the fields of electronics and materials science. Definition The current density is defined as the electric current per…
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Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
Introduction The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation is the thermal radiation left over from the Big Bang. First detected inadvertently in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, it provides crucial evidence for the Big Bang model of the universe. Discovery and Significance The discovery of the CMB was a landmark event in the development…
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Convection
Introduction Convection is one of the three modes of heat transfer, the other two being conduction and radiation. It is the process of heat transfer from one place to another by the movement of fluids, such as liquids and gases. Mechanism Convection is driven by the fact that fluids expand when heated, becoming less dense,…
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Conduction
Introduction Conduction is one of the three primary modes of heat transfer, the other two being convection and radiation. It involves the transfer of energy from more energetic particles of a substance to adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles. Mechanism In solids, conduction primarily occurs through the vibrations of…
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CHSH Inequality Test
Introduction The CHSH inequality, named after John Clauser, Michael Horne, Abner Shimony, and Richard Holt, is a specific case of Bell’s inequalities and is used to test whether the predictions of quantum mechanics about entangled particles are borne out by experiment, or whether local hidden variable theories can be sustained. Bell’s Theorem and Local Hidden…
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Chaos Theory
Introduction Chaos Theory is a branch of mathematics that studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, a phenomenon generally known as the butterfly effect. This sensitivity makes long-term prediction impossible in general, hence the term ‘chaos’. The above plot from Desmos shows the time-evolution of population size Y with…
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Chandrasekhar Limit
Introduction The Chandrasekhar Limit is the maximum mass that a stable white dwarf star can have before it collapses under its own gravity to form a neutron star or black hole. The limit is named after the Indian astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar who calculated it in 1930. Derivation The Chandrasekhar limit is derived from the principles…
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Cavendish Experiment
Introduction The Cavendish Experiment, conducted by British scientist Henry Cavendish in 1797-98, was the first to measure the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory, and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant () and the mass of the Earth. Experiment Setup The experiment involved a torsion balance, a horizontal bar…