Category: Index
-
Osmosis
Introduction Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides. This process is vital for the maintenance of life processes at the cellular level. Basic Principle of Osmosis The basic…
-
Oscillations
Introduction Oscillations are repetitive variations, typically in time, of some measure about a central value (often a point of equilibrium) or between two or more different states. In physics, oscillations include the movements of a pendulum and the vibrations of atoms. Simple Harmonic Motion Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of oscillatory motion in…
-
Optics
Introduction Optics is a branch of physics that studies the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. Optics usually describes the behavior of visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light. Nature of Light Light is an electromagnetic wave, and its speed in a vacuum…
-
Pressure
Introduction Pressure is a fundamental concept in physics, engineering, and various scientific disciplines. It is defined as the force applied per unit area. In a more general sense, it can also be considered as the measure of the force that a fluid exerts on its surroundings. Basic Definition The basic definition of pressure is given…
-
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
Introduction Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) is a quantum field theory that describes how light and matter interact. It is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical…
-
Quantum Entanglement
Introduction Quantum entanglement is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which two or more particles become linked and instantaneously affect each other’s state no matter how far apart they are. This entanglement is a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics, with broad implications in areas such as quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum teleportation. Basics of Quantum…
-
Quantum Field Theory (QFT)
Introduction Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines the principles of quantum mechanics and special relativity to describe the behavior of quantum particles and fields. It is the basis for our understanding of elementary particle physics, and it underpins the standard model of particle physics. Basics of Quantum Fields In QFT, particles…
-
Quantum Hall Effect
Introduction The Quantum Hall Effect is a quantum-mechanical version of the classical Hall effect. The Hall effect involves the generation of a voltage difference (the Hall voltage) across an electrical conductor, transverse to an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field perpendicular to the current. The Quantum Hall Effect, however, is observed at…
-
Quantum Mechanics
Introduction Quantum Mechanics is the branch of physics that describes the behavior of matter and energy at the smallest scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. It is one of the fundamental theories of physics, alongside General Relativity, and has been remarkably successful in predicting experimental results. Wave-Particle Duality One of the cornerstone concepts in…
-
Quarks
Introduction Quarks are elementary particles that make up protons and neutrons, which in turn are the building blocks of atomic nuclei. The existence of quarks was first proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. Types of Quarks Six types, or “flavors,” of quarks have been identified: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom.…