Tag: Index

  • Right-Hand Rule

    Introduction The Right-Hand Rule is a mnemonic device used in physics to understand the orientations of vectors in three dimensions. It’s especially useful in electromagnetism, rotation dynamics, and vector cross products. The Right-Hand Rule for Cross Products The right-hand rule is typically used when calculating the cross product of two vectors. The cross product is…

  • Reflection

    Introduction Reflection is a fundamental concept in physics that describes how waves, such as light or sound, bounce off a surface. When these waves encounter a surface, they are reflected back into their original medium rather than being absorbed or transmitted. Law of Reflection The behavior of a wave upon reflection is governed by the…

  • Refraction

    Introduction Refraction is the change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another caused by its change in speed. This fundamental concept in physics is most commonly observed when a wave, such as light or sound, passes from air into water or from air into glass. The Principle of Refraction When light…

  • Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

    Introduction The Rutherford gold foil experiment, conducted by Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in 1911, is a landmark in the field of nuclear physics. The experiment provided evidence for the existence of the atomic nucleus, leading to the development of the Rutherford atomic model. The Experimental Setup Rutherford’s gold foil experiment involved bombarding a thin…

  • Rutherford Scattering

    Introduction Rutherford scattering is a phenomenon in physics that was used by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 to infer the presence of a positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom. The process refers to the scattering of particles by an atomic nucleus, leading to a deflection of the particles in various directions. Principles of…

  • Thermoelectric Effect

    Introduction The thermoelectric effect refers to a collection of phenomena in which a temperature difference creates an electric potential or an electric potential creates a temperature difference. These effects have important applications in heating and cooling, power generation, and temperature sensing. Types of Thermoelectric Effects Seebeck Effect The Seebeck effect is the conversion of temperature…

  • Torque

    Introduction Torque, also known as moment or moment of force, is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate around an axis. Torque is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction. Definition and Formula The torque due to a force acting at a point with position vector relative…

  • Transverse Waves

    Introduction Transverse waves are waves in which the direction of displacement of the medium’s particles is perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation. Examples of transverse waves include light waves, radio waves, and waves on a stretched string. This is in contrast to longitudinal waves for which the particle displacement is parallel to the…

  • Uniform Circular Motion

    Introduction Uniform circular motion refers to the motion of an object traveling in a circular path at a constant speed. While the speed remains constant, the direction of the velocity vector changes continuously, resulting in a non-zero acceleration. Velocity in Uniform Circular Motion The velocity of an object in uniform circular motion is given by:…

  • Virtual Images

    Introduction A virtual image is a type of image formed when the outgoing rays from a point on an object diverge. The apparent intersection of these diverging rays occurs behind the plane of the mirror or lens, thus giving the illusion that light comes from this intersection point, even though the light is actually diverging.…