Tru Physics

Tag: Maxwell's Equations

  • Heaviside-Lorentz Units

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    Introduction Heaviside-Lorentz units (named for O. Heaviside and H.A. Lorentz) constitute a particular extension of CGS units which are most often useful in theoretical electrodynamics. As a practical system of units, Heaviside-Lorentz falls short due to most measureable quantities being excessively small or big for intuition. Neverless, Heaviside-Lorentz showcases the simplicity and beauty of the…

  • U(1) Gauge Theory

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    Introduction U(1) gauge theory forms the cornerstone of quantum electrodynamics (QED), which describes the interactions between charged particles and electromagnetic fields. The “U” in “U(1)” stands for “unitary”, while the “1” signifies that the transformation involves a 1-dimensional unitary group. In essence, U(1) gauge theory is a mathematical framework that incorporates the principle of local…

  • Maxwell’s Equations

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    Introduction Maxwell’s equations are a set of four differential equations that form the foundation of classical electrodynamics, classical optics, and electric circuits. These four equations describe how electric and magnetic fields interact. They were derived by James Clerk Maxwell in the 19th century. The Four Equations where is the divergence of the electric field ,…

  • Magnetism

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    Introduction Magnetism is a physical phenomenon produced by moving electric charge that results in attractive and repulsive forces between objects. It is one aspect of the combined electromagnetic force and shares many similarities with electricity, which is why they are usually thought of together as electromagnetism. Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Force Magnetic fields are a…

  • Magnetic Monopoles

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    Introduction Magnetic monopoles are hypothetical particles that carry a single, isolated magnetic pole – either a north pole or a south pole. In contrast, every known particle that carries a magnetic field has both a north and a south pole. The concept of magnetic monopoles arises from the symmetry in Maxwell’s equations and the concept…

  • Magnetic Field

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    Introduction A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electric charges in relative motion and magnetized materials. The magnetic field at any given point is specified by both a direction and a magnitude (or strength), so it is a vector field. Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge The force exerted…

  • Electromagnetic Waves

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    Introduction Electromagnetic waves are waves of electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space carrying electromagnetic energy. They are solutions to Maxwell’s equations and encompass a wide range of phenomena including radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. Maxwell’s Equations Maxwell’s equations describe the behavior of both the electric and magnetic…

  • Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)

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    Introduction An Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) is an intense burst of electromagnetic energy that can disrupt or even destroy electronic devices over a large area. EMPs can be generated by a variety of natural and man-made sources, including lightning, nuclear explosions, and specially designed electronic devices. Types of EMPs EMPs can be categorized into three types,…

  • Ampere’s Law

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    Introduction Ampere’s Law, named after its founder André-Marie Ampère, is a fundamental law in electromagnetism that relates magnetic fields to the electric currents that generate them. It is one of Maxwell’s four equations, which together form the basis of classical electrodynamics. Ampere’s Law in Integral Form Ampere’s law can be stated in its integral form…