Author: Tru Physics
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Venturi Effect
Introduction The Venturi effect is a principle in fluid dynamics that describes how fluid speed and pressure change as it flows through a pipe with varying cross-sectional areas. This phenomenon is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi, an Italian physicist. Fundamental Principle The Venturi effect is a direct consequence of the principle of conservation of energy…
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Wave Equation
Introduction The wave equation is a second-order linear partial differential equation that describes the propagation of waves—such as sound waves, light waves, and water waves—at a constant speed. It is fundamental in the fields of physics and engineering. Basic Form The basic form of the wave equation in one dimension is: Here, is the wave…
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Wave-Particle Duality
Introduction Wave-particle duality is a key principle in quantum mechanics that proposes that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties. This concept is a fundamental departure from classical physics, where particles and waves are separate entities. De Broglie Hypothesis The concept of wave-particle duality was first introduced by Louis de Broglie in 1924. He…
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Waveguide
Introduction A waveguide is a physical structure that is used to control and direct electromagnetic waves. They are commonly used in microwave communications, broadcasting, and radar installations. Basic Definition A waveguide is typically a hollow metal tube or dielectric slab that confines electromagnetic waves to travel in a direction defined by its physical boundaries. The…
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Weak Nuclear Force
Introduction The weak nuclear force, also known as the weak interaction or weak force, is one of the four fundamental forces in nature, alongside gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong nuclear force. It’s responsible for certain types of radioactive decay, such as beta decay, and plays a critical role in nuclear fission. Basic Properties of Weak…
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X-Ray Diffraction
Introduction X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful technique used for the study of crystalline materials. By analyzing the way in which a beam of X-rays diffracts off a crystalline sample, one can determine the atomic and molecular structure of the material, including bond lengths and angles, atomic positions, and overall symmetry. The Principle of XRD…
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X-Ray Spectroscopy
Introduction X-ray spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that uses the interaction of X-ray photons with matter to determine the chemical composition of a sample. It has wide applications in materials science, chemistry, physics, geology, and other fields. Basics of X-ray Spectroscopy X-ray spectroscopy involves the emission, transmission, or scattering of X-rays by an object.…
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X-Ray Fluorescence
Introduction X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a material. It is a type of emission spectroscopy that uses the inherent properties of atoms to identify and quantify the presence of different elements. The Principle of XRF When a material is exposed to an incident beam of X-rays,…
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Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
Introduction Young’s double-slit experiment is a famous experiment in physics that demonstrates the wave nature of light and forms the basis of the concept of interference. It was first performed by the British scientist Thomas Young in 1801. The Experiment In Young’s double-slit experiment, a beam of light is shone through two closely-spaced slits onto…
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Young’s Modulus
Introduction Young’s modulus, also known as the modulus of elasticity, is a measure of the stiffness of a solid material. Named after the British scientist Thomas Young, it quantifies the relationship between stress (force per unit area) and strain (proportional deformation) in a material. Defining Young’s Modulus Young’s modulus is defined as the ratio of…