Tru Physics

Category: Index

  • Protons

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    Introduction Protons are subatomic particles with positive electric charge. They reside with neutrons within the atomic nucleus, with electrons “orbiting” around them. Basic Properties The proton carries a positive charge, denoted as , where is the elementary charge. The value of the elementary charge is: The mass of a proton is significantly greater than that…

  • Permittivity of Free Space

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    Introduction The permittivity of free space, commonly denoted as , is a fundamental physical constant that measures the ability of a vacuum to permit electric field lines. It is a crucial parameter in the study of electromagnetism. Definition and Value The permittivity of free space is defined as the ratio of the electric flux density…

  • Permeability of Free Space

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    Introduction The permeability of free space, often denoted as , is a physical constant that describes the amount of magnetic field produced per unit of magnetic current in a vacuum. It is one of the fundamental constants in physics and plays a vital role in the study of electromagnetism. Definition and Value The permeability of…

  • Photomultiplier Tube

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    Introduction Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are a type of vacuum tube used to detect and amplify signals from individual photons. PMTs are known for their high sensitivity to light, fast response, and large amplification factors. Structure of a Photomultiplier Tube A PMT typically consists of three main components: Working Principle When a photon strikes the photocathode,…

  • Dirac Sea

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    Introduction The Dirac Sea is a theoretical model of the vacuum as an infinite sea of particles with negative energy. It was first postulated by the British physicist Paul Dirac in 1930 to explain the behavior of electrons in relation to his relativistic quantum mechanical wave equation, known as the Dirac equation. The Dirac Equation…

  • Hartman Effect

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    Introduction The Hartman Effect is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which the tunneling time for a particle to pass through a potential barrier becomes independent of the barrier’s width when the width is sufficiently large. Named after Thomas Hartman, who first described it in 1962, this effect appears to violate the principle of causality because…

  • Hadrons

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    Introduction In the realm of particle physics, Hadrons are a class of particles that are made up of quarks, antiquarks, and gluons, bound together by the strong nuclear force. They are among the most commonly observed particles in nature, with protons and neutrons, which make up atomic nuclei, being examples of hadrons. Classification of Hadrons…

  • Gouy Phase

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    Introduction The Gouy phase is a phase shift that occurs for a beam of light when it propagates through a focusing or defocusing element, like a lens. This phase shift, named after the French scientist Léon Gouy, is an essential aspect of Gaussian beams and wave optics. Gaussian Beams A Gaussian beam is a beam…

  • Gluons

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    Introduction Gluons are elementary particles that mediate the strong interaction, one of the four fundamental forces of nature. They are the force carriers of the strong nuclear force, much like photons are for the electromagnetic force. Properties of Gluons Gluons are bosons, particles with integer spin, and they possess a property known as color charge.…

  • Ginzburg-Landau Theory

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    Introduction The Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory, named after physicists Vitaly Ginzburg and Lev Landau, is a phenomenological theory that describes superconductivity and superfluidity. It was originally developed to explain the behavior of superconductors near their critical temperature. Ginzburg-Landau Free Energy The GL theory is based on the concept of a complex order parameter , which characterizes…