Category: Index
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Superconductivity
Introduction Superconductivity is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where certain materials can conduct electric current with zero electrical resistance. This state occurs below a certain temperature, known as the critical temperature (). BCS Theory The underlying theory of superconductivity is the BCS theory (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory). This theory explains superconductivity as a state in which electrons with…
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Superposition Principle
Introduction The principle of superposition is a key concept in physics and engineering, particularly in wave theory and quantum mechanics. It asserts that the net response at a given place and time caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses that would have been caused by each stimulus individually. Superposition in…
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Temperature
Introduction Temperature is a fundamental concept in the field of thermodynamics. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a system, reflecting the intensity of thermal energy or heat. It is an important parameter in various equations and laws in physics, such as the ideal gas law, the laws of…
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Thermodynamics
Introduction Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy. It describes how energy is transferred and transformed from one form to another, and it is governed by four fundamental laws: the zeroth, first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics The Zeroth Law of…
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Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Introduction Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation that lies beyond the violet end of the visible light spectrum and before X-rays. The wavelengths of UV radiation range from 10 nm to 400 nm, and they are typically divided into three types: UVA, UVB, and UVC. Planck’s Law UV radiation, like all electromagnetic…
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Unit Conversion
Introduction Unit conversion is a critical skill in physics and engineering. It involves changing the measurement of a quantity from one unit to another, maintaining the actual physical quantity constant, as measurement units may vary based on the context or standards used. Basic Principle The basic principle of unit conversion is using a conversion factor,…
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Vector Analysis
Introduction Vector analysis is a branch of mathematics that deals with quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Unlike scalars, which only have magnitude, vectors are essential in representing physical quantities such as force, velocity, and acceleration. Vector Basics A vector is often represented as an arrow with its length proportional to the magnitude and…
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Venturi Effect
Introduction The Venturi effect is a principle in fluid dynamics that describes how fluid speed and pressure change as it flows through a pipe with varying cross-sectional areas. This phenomenon is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi, an Italian physicist. Fundamental Principle The Venturi effect is a direct consequence of the principle of conservation of energy…
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Wave Equation
Introduction The wave equation is a second-order linear partial differential equation that describes the propagation of waves—such as sound waves, light waves, and water waves—at a constant speed. It is fundamental in the fields of physics and engineering. Basic Form The basic form of the wave equation in one dimension is: Here, is the wave…
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Wave-Particle Duality
Introduction Wave-particle duality is a key principle in quantum mechanics that proposes that all particles exhibit both wave and particle properties. This concept is a fundamental departure from classical physics, where particles and waves are separate entities. De Broglie Hypothesis The concept of wave-particle duality was first introduced by Louis de Broglie in 1924. He…